Nails can reveal a great deal about your health. When they change in color, shape, thickness, or texture, the cause may be more than cosmetic. Nail diseases are common, and while many are mild, others can signal underlying health concerns or cause ongoing discomfort without proper care. Understanding the most common nail conditions and how they are diagnosed and treated can help you protect your nail health and seek timely medical support when needed.

This guide explores the most frequent nail diseases, their signs, and the diagnostic and treatment methods used in medical care.

Why Nail Conditions Develop

Nail diseases can result from infections, inflammation, injury, or underlying systemic issues. Conditions like fungal infections thrive in warm, moist environments, while inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis can alter nail structure. Even minor trauma, such as repeated pressure from shoes, can lead to thickened or damaged nails.

Identifying the cause is essential because each nail disease requires a different approach to treatment.

Fungal Nail Infections

Fungal infections, known as onychomycosis, are among the most common nail conditions. They often affect toenails but can also appear on fingernails.

Signs of Fungal Nail Disease

• Thickened nails
  
• Yellow, white, or brown discoloration
  
• Flaking or crumbling edges
  
• Separation of the nail from the nail bed
  
• Mild odor
  

While fungal infections are not dangerous, they can spread and become difficult to treat if ignored.

Diagnosis

A doctor may evaluate the nail and collect a small clipping or debris sample for testing. This confirms the cause and rules out conditions like psoriasis or bacterial infections, which can mimic fungus.

Treatment

• Topical antifungal medications
  
  
• Oral antifungal prescriptions for more persistent cases
  
  
• Laser treatments to target fungal organisms
  
  
• Nail trimming and debridement to remove thickened areas
  
  

Fungal infections usually respond best to early and consistent treatment.

Bacterial Nail Infections

Bacterial infections often occur after trauma around the nail or when bacteria enter through small cuts or hangnails. These infections usually affect the skin near the nail but can spread to the nail itself.

Signs of Bacterial Nail Disease

• Redness and swelling around the nail
  
• Pain or tenderness
  
• Pus formation
  
• Warmth in the affected area
  

Diagnosis

A clinical examination usually identifies bacterial infections quickly. In more severe cases, a culture may be taken to determine the type of bacteria involved.

Treatment

• Antibiotics to clear the infection
  
• Warm soaks to reduce swelling
  
• Drainage of pus if needed
  

Prompt care prevents bacterial infections from worsening or damaging the nail long-term.

Nail Psoriasis

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin condition that can also affect the nails. Nail psoriasis often appears alongside skin plaques but may occur on its own.

Signs of Nail Psoriasis

• Pitting (small dents in the nail surface)
  
• Thickened or crumbly nails
  
• White or yellow patches
  
• Horizontal lines or ridges
  
• Separation of the nail from the nail bed
  

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves a physical exam and may include a biopsy if the appearance resembles fungal disease. Identifying psoriasis correctly is important because the treatment differs significantly from that of infections.

Treatment

• Topical steroid medications
  
• Vitamin D-based treatments
  
• Light therapy
  
• Systemic medications for more severe cases
  

Managing psoriasis requires long-term care and attention to both skin and nail health.

Ingrown Nails

Ingrown nails occur when the edge of the nail grows into the surrounding skin. This condition is common in the toenails and is often linked to tight shoes, improper nail trimming, or repeated pressure.

Signs of Ingrown Nails

• Redness and swelling
  
• Pain when walking or applying pressure
  
• Drainage if infection develops
  

Diagnosis

A simple visual exam typically confirms an ingrown nail.

Treatment

• Warm soaks to soften the skin
  
• Correct nail lifting or trimming
  
• Medical removal of part of the nail in recurring cases
  
• Antibiotics if infection is present
  

Professional treatment reduces pain quickly and prevents repeated episodes.

Nail Trauma

Everyday injuries, tight footwear, or repetitive pressure can damage the nails. Trauma can cause discoloration, thickening, cracking, or separation of the nail from the nail bed.

Signs of Nail Trauma

• Black or purple bruising
  
• Jagged or split nails
  
• Thickening of the nail over time
  
• Pain or sensitivity
  

Treatment

Treatment depends on the severity. Minor trauma may heal naturally, while more severe cases may require:

• Nail trimming or filing
  
• Treatment for the underlying fungal infection
  
• Removal of a damaged nail if it cannot be saved
  
• Protection of the nail bed while regrowth occurs
  

How Nail Diseases Are Diagnosed

Diagnosis often begins with a physical exam. Depending on the condition, additional testing may include:

• Nail clippings
  
• Fungal culture
  
• Microscopic examination
  
• Biopsy in rare cases
  

Accurate diagnosis ensures the correct treatment plan and prevents unnecessary or ineffective care.

Nail Disease Treatment in Foothill Ranch, CA

Healthy nails are an important part of overall wellness. If you notice changes in color, texture, or thickness, or if you’re experiencing pain or persistent discomfort, medical care can help you identify the cause and restore your nail health. At Omeed Ahadiat, M.D., in Foothill Ranch, CA, we offer expert diagnosis and treatment for fungal infections, bacterial conditions, psoriasis of the nails, trauma, and more.

Schedule a visit today for a thorough evaluation and customized treatment plan designed to protect your nail health and comfort.